GHK-Cu
Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine Copper
GHK-Cu (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper complex) is a naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide found in human plasma, saliva, and urine. It has been studied for its remarkable ability to influence the expression of over 4,000 human genes — broadly shifting expression patterns toward tissue remodeling, repair, and regeneration. GHK-Cu is one of the most extensively studied peptides in skin biology, wound healing, and tissue remodeling research.
Aliases: Copper peptide, Glycyl-histidyl-lysine
- Research score
- 8/10
- Reality tier
- established
Mechanism
GHK-Cu (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper complex) is a naturally occurring tripeptide-copper complex found in plasma, saliva, and urine, declining with age. It functions as a biological signal that activates tissue remodeling at multiple levels: stimulates collagen I, III, and decorin synthesis; promotes dermatan sulfate proteoglycan production; increases VEGF for angiogenesis; attracts macrophages and mast cells; modulates metalloproteinase activity (both synthesis and inhibition); delivers copper to cells for superoxide dismutase and other cuproenzymes; and modulates expression of 4,000+ genes (32% up, 68% down), broadly resetting aged fibroblasts toward a healthier gene expression profile.
Evidence note
Emerging — Topical applications have human clinical data (cosmetic studies). Injectable use has limited human data but extensive cell culture and animal data. Gene expression data is robust and published in peer-reviewed journals. The naturally occurring status and decades of topical use support safety.
Reference data
- Molecular formula
- C14H24CuN6O4
- Sequence
Gly-His-Lys:Cu(II)
Studies
Copper peptide and skin remodeling
Stimulated collagen synthesis and improved skin elasticity in human studies.
Open source · PMID 18492148GHK-Cu and gene expression
Modulated expression of 4,000+ genes, resetting gene expression patterns toward a healthier state.
Open source · PMID 24752418GHK-Cu in wound healing
Enhanced wound healing rate and quality of tissue repair in multiple animal and human models.
Open source · PMID 25603361
FAQ
Can GHK-Cu be used topically?
Yes. GHK-Cu is widely used in topical skincare products. The injectable form provides systemic distribution. MEIMX currently offers the lyophilized vial; topical formulations are planned.
What does the Cu stand for?
Cu is the chemical symbol for copper. GHK-Cu is a tripeptide with a bound copper ion, which is essential for its biological activity.
Why does it decline with age?
Plasma GHK-Cu levels drop approximately 60% between ages 20 and 60, which correlates with declining tissue repair capacity and skin health.
For research and educational use only. This content is not medical advice.