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Emerging

GHK-Cu

Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine Copper

GHK-Cu (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper complex) is a naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide found in human plasma, saliva, and urine. It has been studied for its remarkable ability to influence the expression of over 4,000 human genes — broadly shifting expression patterns toward tissue remodeling, repair, and regeneration. GHK-Cu is one of the most extensively studied peptides in skin biology, wound healing, and tissue remodeling research.

Aliases: Copper peptide, Glycyl-histidyl-lysine

Research score
8/10
Reality tier
established

Mechanism

GHK-Cu (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper complex) is a naturally occurring tripeptide-copper complex found in plasma, saliva, and urine, declining with age. It functions as a biological signal that activates tissue remodeling at multiple levels: stimulates collagen I, III, and decorin synthesis; promotes dermatan sulfate proteoglycan production; increases VEGF for angiogenesis; attracts macrophages and mast cells; modulates metalloproteinase activity (both synthesis and inhibition); delivers copper to cells for superoxide dismutase and other cuproenzymes; and modulates expression of 4,000+ genes (32% up, 68% down), broadly resetting aged fibroblasts toward a healthier gene expression profile.

Evidence note

Emerging — Topical applications have human clinical data (cosmetic studies). Injectable use has limited human data but extensive cell culture and animal data. Gene expression data is robust and published in peer-reviewed journals. The naturally occurring status and decades of topical use support safety.

Reference data

Molecular formula
C14H24CuN6O4
Sequence
Gly-His-Lys:Cu(II)

Studies

  • Copper peptide and skin remodeling

    Stimulated collagen synthesis and improved skin elasticity in human studies.

    Open source · PMID 18492148

  • GHK-Cu and gene expression

    Modulated expression of 4,000+ genes, resetting gene expression patterns toward a healthier state.

    Open source · PMID 24752418

  • GHK-Cu in wound healing

    Enhanced wound healing rate and quality of tissue repair in multiple animal and human models.

    Open source · PMID 25603361

FAQ

Can GHK-Cu be used topically?

Yes. GHK-Cu is widely used in topical skincare products. The injectable form provides systemic distribution. MEIMX currently offers the lyophilized vial; topical formulations are planned.

What does the Cu stand for?

Cu is the chemical symbol for copper. GHK-Cu is a tripeptide with a bound copper ion, which is essential for its biological activity.

Why does it decline with age?

Plasma GHK-Cu levels drop approximately 60% between ages 20 and 60, which correlates with declining tissue repair capacity and skin health.

For research and educational use only. This content is not medical advice.